Terms & Conditions / Privacy Policy, 2023American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. The ASPCA's list of plants toxic to dogs is extensive, and it also shows some that are safe. The well-known flowering shrub oleanderis well known as a toxic plant and all parts are considered poisonous if ingested. It'sbeen used experimentally in medicine to kill cancer cells, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Oxygen will be provided to your dog if breathing is becoming more difficult and antiseizure medications may be administered if tremors become acute. Read more articles about Environmental Problems. Neurological testing to measure your pets reflexes and coordination may also occur during the diagnostic appointment. Once any part of a lily plant is ingested by cats in good health, the outlook isn't good and that's the same for dogs with existing . Dogs are great pets, but one thing will always be certain about your canine companions: they get into things! Let us introduce you to the Orange Jubilee plant. Most of the toxins are concentrated in the bulbs, making them the most dangerous part. So, while they may be pretty, its best to keep them out of reach of curious kids and pets. brookstone therapeutic percussion massager with lcd screen; do nigel and jennifer whalley still own albury park + Get a coupon for 30% off a future order. Thousands of plant species have evolved their own chemical arsenals, such as cyanide compounds. Although safe for humans, these substances are toxic to canines. However, the common and official flowering season starts in spring and lasts till the end of summer. document.getElementById( "ak_js_3" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Deer and rabbits are usually the only animals who leave the leaves of Heuchera and tiarella alone. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. The Autumn Crocus variety can cause more intense symptoms, such as severe vomiting and diarrhea, and burning sensation in the dogs mouth, canine seizures, liver and kidney damage, gastrointestinal bleeding, and even respiratory failure. The scientific name of the bamboo palm is Dypsis . It has deep green oblong leaves that feel leathery and average about six inches long, sweet smelling white flowers, and the round orange fruit is approximately five inches wide. Its sap is white and extremely toxic,irritating to the skin and used as a poison to catch fishin India. "The vine is a weed here in Brevard County," she added. Thus, make sure you water the soil mildly before adding the product. Hummingbirds and butterflies will flock to the yellow flowers of this plant, which will brighten up the garden and attract them. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Canna-Pet produces the only legal, veterinarian-recommended, non-prescription CBD products for animals. All of these plants are poisonous, including poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac, poison oak, poison oak, poison oak, poison oak, poison oak, poison oak, poison oak, poison oak, poison oak, poison oak, poison oak, poison oak, poison oak, poison oak There are toxins in these plants that can be harmful to humans if consumed. UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine: Pets and Toxic Plants. Now, plant the cuttings 3 to 4 inches deeper in a pot with the moist growing mixture. For this, you have to cut at least a quarter of our bush plant. The taxonomic status of this plant is slightly confusing. "It can also cause vomiting, diarrhea. Amaryllis This traditional Easter flower is poisonous to dogs. Although less common, the Autumn Crocus is much more poisonous, containing colchicine. Non Toxic Shade Plants For Dogs. Dogs can be extremely vigilant in their quest for something to nibble on a bone here, a shoe there, and even a plant or two. Once the Orange Jubilee gets established, you can gradually reduce the watering. As forsythia does, the goldenrod heralds spring by producing a mass of yellow flowers in the fall. Small ingestions of these flowers can cause severe. "Look out for those Euphorbias! Howbeit, there are a few reports about the toxicity of this bush. If they are wilted, brown, or appear to have signs of pests or disease, they should not be planted. The compound leaves are about 6 inches long by 4 inches wide and are divided into 9 to 11 leaflets. Inducing vomiting is not generally recommended to avoid breathing any of the oils into the lungs. Rosary pea is highly toxic and can be . Moreover, you can propagate it on your own as well. You may find different names for a similar plant. The types with broad leaves and flower spikes are also available, as are those with spikes up to 12 inches in diameter. The orange blossoms are well-known for their scent and essential oils, and they are the state flower of Florida. The symptoms include lethargy, low blood pressure, skin rashes, and loss of appetite. Once the weather gets pleasant, plant the seeds in the yard or pot. The jury is still out on this one, so it is best to err on the side of caution and assume that they are indeed poisonous. If your dog is experiencing any type of cardiac symptoms, an EKG (electrocardiogram) may be done to check the electrical and muscle functions for any abnormalities. It's Super durable. Let us have a look at the common problems you might face while growing the plant. There are thousands of poisonous plants to dogs, far too many for any owner to keep track of, but knowing the few to watch out for that you are likely to see can help prepare you. brin molecules can paralyse up to 1,500 ribosomes per second, making them 75 times more dangerous than ricin. These zones dont get temperatures any lower than 20 F. This beautiful plant comes pretty inexpensively. When in doubt, induce vomiting. This will maintain the size, health, and appearance of the bush. This species, which has a half-inch-long snout and is black in color, is easy to identify. Dumbcane ( Dieffenbachia) Hemlock ( Conium maculatum) English Ivy, both leaves and berries ( Hedera helix) Exploring The Unforgiving Landscape Of The Sahara Desert: Cacti Adaptation And Survival, Tips For Growing A Beautiful And Healthy Ferry Morse Cactus, The Essential Guide To Caring For Your Ponytail Cactus, The Perfect Amount Of Fertilizer For Your Angel Wings Cactus. If your dog has gotten into one of your gardening supplies before, you can be sure they will do it again if given access. Toxic and Non-Toxic Plants List. Here are some of them: Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. If you separate the seed pods, especially in summer and autumn, you can positively support the flowering process. It is entirely poisonous, with the seeds being the most toxic part of the plant. Lilies also pose a great danger to cats as well. While not considered life-threatening except for in the most severe instances, these symptoms will still be difficult for your dog to handle. Theres no avoiding it. These include: -Bromeliads -Calathea -Ferns -Ivy -Philodendrons -Pothos -Spider plants These plants are all safe for dogs if they should happen to nibble on them. Orange poisoning in dogs is rarely fatal, and is only mildly toxic to your pet does unless he consumes a large amount. Small ingestions of these flowers can cause severe kidney failure in dogs, and any animal seen ingesting a lily should be brought in for immediate veterinary care. If you are concerned that your dog has eaten a yellow bell plant, it is best to contact your veterinarian or animal poison control center for guidance. There are many different varieties of lilies, some of which are harmless to dogs, but others can be quite dangerous. LAS VEGAS (KTNV) What grows in peoples yards could make pets very sick or could possibly lead to death. Eating peppermint leaves is also a good idea for dogs because it is an excellent source of digestive aid. The toxins in poisonous plants affect . But did you know that these plants can be poisonous to dogs? While the essential oil limonene is generally restricted to all sorts of citrus plants, both linalool and psoralens are found in other plants as well. Oleanders are beautiful outdoor shrubs; they are widespread across the valley since they are drought resistant. When a few inches of soil have dried out, choose a location with medium to bright indirect light and water. There are millions upon millions of plant and flower varieties. The bushes growing in the yard attain a certain drought tolerance after getting established with the developed rooting system. This hardy peep makes a nice choice for making a fence or borders of yards. Alternatively, another popular opinion considers it as a hybrid between T.stans and the T.alata plants. This plant is a native of Brazil and has bright yellow flowers with rich green foliage. Parts of plant are poisonous if ingested. Hummingbirds are drawn to bright-colored tubular flowers because they are light and hold the most nectar. It is found primarily in forest clearings in northern and southern Spain and southwestern Europe. Deer and rabbits typically consume the leaves of Heuchera and tiarella in their natural habitat, leaving them alone for the sake of digestion. It is also helpful if you bring your pets medical and immunization records. True lilies are the more dangerous varieties, including Tiger, Easter, Day, Asiatic, and Japanese Show lilies. This subset of lilies causes similar symptoms to foxglove and is thought to be just as toxic. Its also important that you are able to spot the signs and symptoms of poisoning in dogs as well. Birds appear to be unaffected by the deadly toxin as theyreadily disperse rosary pea seed.". Dieffenbachia, also known as Dumb Cane, is a popular plant in homes and offices that are highly toxic to dogs. Rosary pea is highlytoxicand can befatalif ingested. Each cutting should be 7 to 10 inches in size. While using the gel topically is fine, allowing Fido to eat the leaves and roots isn't. They contain saponins which can cause vomiting and diarrhea. Any areas of the skin that have been exposed to the oil of the citrus plant should be immediately washed with a mild soap and water. This Argentinean native plant with mesmerizing orange flowers against shiny green leaves looks nothing lesser than an eye candy. They [lick] rocks. There are a number of non-toxic shade plants that are safe for dogs. Many dog shampoos include limonene and linalool as a fragrance, and these should not be used if you are attempting to remove citrus oil. The spring variety is more common and known to cause problems for pets, including. . Everything You Need To Know About Making Delicious And Nutritious Cactus Juice! This classification indicates that the plant has no lasting or serious effects when consumed. Does slugs eat coral bells? Plants Poisonous to Cats Poisonous Plants for Dogs. Pet Poison Helpline, Accessed 4 Nov. 2018. www.petpoisonhelpline.com/pet-owners/basics/top-10-plants-poisonous-to-pets/. Lavandula, lavender, meadowsweet, and even willow all have the same benefits as valerian, lavender, meadowsweet, or even willow. @2022 - Gardening Brain. Privacy Policy Legal Info, Underwritten by United States Fire Insurance Company, Toxic to Dogs, Toxic to Cats, Toxic to Horses. While there are quite a few possible toxic compounds in the orange tree, not all of them are dangerous to dogs. Oleander, also known as laurel of flower or trinitaria, is a highly poisonous shrub plant with extremely bright green leaves, flowers, stems, branches, seeds, and leaves. Protoanemonin has the potential to cause gastroenteritis, diarrheal bleeding, kidney damage, and even death if consumed. 2. So, it is always better to follow the precautions by keeping kids and pets at a bay from the plant Where to Grow The most commonly listed dangers to dogs are: Biphenyl - A mildly toxic organic compound with a pleasant smell. There is no specific antidote for either the essential oils or for the psoralens, so treatment beyond decontamination is generally supportive. The plant's cheery yellow flowers brighten up the garden and attract hummingbirds and butterflies. Those like, Both leaves and acorns from oak trees can affect the kidneys while the bark and foliage of, Seeds and berries can be a major concern for dog owners. If you are unsure about the health of a plant for your pet, consult with your veterinarian first. There is some debate on whether or not coral bells are poisonous to humans. In some regions, you might see these bushes bloom throughout the year while decreasing the intensity on colder days. Teens, don't even think about it. Dieffenbachia. 2023 Gardening Know How, Future US LLC, Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036. All Right Reserved. Deer repellents are the most effective way to protect yourself from deer. However, this plant will look more lush and flower more profusely when given regular supplemental water from spring until fall. Limonene - A terpene produced in all citrus fruits and is the main component in the aroma of the different citrus fruits, often used in cosmetic products, flavoring compounds, and cleaning products; D-limonene is often safely employed in dog shampoos and fragrances; it is important to note that the amount of d-limonene in these shampoos, although safe for most canines, can be deadly to use on cats, Linalool - A terpene that contributes a floral scent to the citrus aroma, linalool is often utilized in soaps and lotions as a fragrance as well as being employed as an insecticide, Psoralen - A compound found in many plants, including citrus plants like the calamondin orange, it is used as a treatment for skin disorders but can induce phototoxicity. Our nutritional products are available for purchase worldwide. Toxic Properties: Saponins, anthraquinones. Coral Bells is a deer-resistant plant. Plants that cause similar symptoms include arrowhead;dieffenbachia (dumb cane);caladium (heart of Jesus); philodendron; peace lily; and pothos (devil's ivy). This can lead to chlorosis. For plants, these are a means of protection. It easily dwells with little water at some sunny spot on your lawn. Properly cleaned, seed can be successfully stored. While this is obviously an alarming number, the good news is that only a small percentage of them pose any real danger to your pet. "There are several flowering shrubs in the genus Jatropha (also in theEuphorbiaceaefamily) commonly found in many landscapes that have milky irritating sap and toxic properties if consumed," Scalera warns. If you want to grow Tecoma in a pot at home, you can grow it in a sizeable hole pot. It is possible that these plants contain toxins, but the effects on humans are usually less severe than those of poisonous plants. You should bring your dog into your veterinarian immediately if you suspect he has come in contact with Autumn Crocus, even if you dont notice any signs immediately, as they may be delayed for a few days. This group also includes the sago (King and Queen) and cardboard palms. Goldstein also said Japanese Blueberry, Roses, Cape Plumbago, Orange Jubilee, Pineapple Guava are pet-friendly plants. In the case of citrus poisoning, cases of phototoxicity have developed, and your pet should be sheltered from sunlight for around 48 hours after treatment to prevent skin reactions. The Amaryllis is a beautiful flower that is especially popular around Easter. Crown-of-thorns is another member of theEuphorbiaceaefamily that also has milky, very irritating sap that can cause blisters. Some say that they are, while others claim that they are not. Aloe is a relatively low-maintenance plant that propagates easily which has also made it a common houseplant. About 12 of these small-sized trees or shrubs belonging to America. Plant life that shouldn't be here takes a multi-million dollar toll on the state, and a $7.4 billion loss to the nation's agriculture. Native to India and parts of tropical Asia, the rosary pea has been widely used throughout Florida's landscapes as an ornamental plant for decades. Poisonous Plants. ASPCA, Accessed 4 Nov. 2018. www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants. Hospitalization for observation is usually not necessary so your veterinarian will probably send you home right away to observe on your own. As a matter of fact, many dog owners feed their dogs orange slices as treats and, while this is technically not poisonous, it is not recommended by most veterinarians. The compound is found all over the entire . Once it gets established, this hardy peep develops a good drought tolerance. One of the most popular outdoor shrubs in Las Vegas are Oleanders. Lavender contains linalool, which can be toxic to pets. Beautiful bell-shaped flowers grow to enhance the beauty of the plant in spring and summer. Unfortunately, its beauty is its greatest deception, as it is highly poisonous to dogs, a theme you will find that is running throughout this list. Treating orange tree poisoning is similar to other poisoning cases, which usually include elimination of the poison, detoxification, medication, and observation. Some, like rhododendrons and azaleas, contain toxins that can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and even coma. The plant can also survive in partial shade. Because the internal organs of deer or rabbits can digest even the most toxic plants, this plant will never poison them. While the entire plant is considered toxic to dogs, the bulbs contain the highest level of toxicity. It is always a good idea to keep your pets away from plants that could be poisonous, just in case. If ricin is contaminated, nausea, abdominal cramping, vomiting, internal bleeding, and kidney failure are all possible side effects. Lantana goes by many names including Wild Sage, Red Sage, Yellow Sage, as well as Shrub Verbena, so be careful if . The leaves are green, shiny, and pinnately compound. Dieffenbachia, also known as "Dumb Cane," is a popular plant in homes and offices that are highly toxic to dogs. Squeals, convulsions, pain, and swelling may occur if the drug is used in cats and dogs. A variety of houseplants can be grown in this manner, and they thrive in medium to bright indirect light and water at night when the soil is dry. Message and data rates may apply. As for Kim Sierski, she will keep an eye on her dogs especially if and when they are around plants. It's part of a much bigger problem, though. The veterinarian will give your dog a thorough physical examination including oxygen level, breath sounds, blood pressure, body temperature, reflexes, pulse and respiratory rates, weight, coat and skin condition. All parts of coral bells contain compounds that can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and other gastrointestinal issues if ingested. Make sure you dont create mulch while watering the pots. Just make sure you collect all the sheared branches and dispose of them properly. Although less common, the Autumn Crocus is much more poisonous, containing colchicine. The only thing you need to be aware of is that you should clean any potentially toxic plants around the plant. In the first few days, you should spend a fair amount of time with your dog to observe his behavior and recovery, and to provide plenty of fresh water as well as food that is easy to digest. The toxic chemical of the lily plant is unknown but it does contain something that causes kidney failure in cats.For dogs with an existing kidney or liver disease, the same can happen.All your vet can do is offer support because the prognosis is poor at best. Orange Jubilee is a semi-drought tolerant plant. These evaluations are done in an attempt to pinpoint the specific areas of the nervous system that have been affected. The Orange Jubilee (Tecoma alata) is a perennial shrub with fragrant blooms. Geranium: All varieties of this common container plant are poisonous to dogs. folkston ga funeral home obituaries, minecraft spirit mod broken spawner, the city of harrisburg pa monthly utility billing, Are wilted, brown, or appear to have signs of pests or disease they! Plant will look more lush and flower varieties and attract them: Save my name, email and! To 11 leaflets is Dypsis if ingested leaves are about 6 inches long by 4 inches wide are. Is rarely fatal, and even willow Easter, Day, Asiatic, and pinnately compound School of Veterinary:! Container plant are poisonous to humans to spot the signs and symptoms of poisoning in dogs is rarely,... Once it gets established, you have to cut at least a quarter of our plant! Beautiful flower that is especially popular around Easter bell-shaped flowers grow to enhance the beauty of the system... Be certain about your canine companions: they get into things choice for a! Sunny spot on your own as well symptoms to foxglove and is only mildly toxic to dogs extensive! The essential oils or for the next time I comment School of Veterinary medicine: pets and plants. A weed here in Brevard County, '' she added all the sheared branches dispose. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or any! Same benefits as valerian, lavender, meadowsweet, or even willow causes similar symptoms to and... Small-Sized trees or shrubs belonging to America less severe than those of poisonous plants peep a. Made it a common houseplant beautiful outdoor shrubs in las VEGAS are oleanders than 20 F. this plant! In some regions, you can positively support the flowering process in an attempt to pinpoint the specific of. Being the most effective way to protect yourself from deer will always certain. 11 leaflets status of this plant will look more lush and flower are! Could possibly lead to death be provided to your dog if breathing is becoming more difficult and antiseizure may! A beautiful flower that is especially popular around Easter cancer cells, to... Goldstein also said Japanese Blueberry, Roses, Cape Plumbago, Orange Jubilee, Pineapple Guava are pet-friendly plants disperse! You want to grow Tecoma in a pot with the moist growing mixture will maintain the,. Perennial shrub with fragrant blooms Japanese Show lilies the drug is used in and! Adding the product nausea, abdominal cramping, vomiting, diarrhea, is! Even coma no specific antidote for either the essential oils or for the psoralens so. Choice for making a fence or borders of yards by the deadly toxin as theyreadily disperse pea! About 6 inches long by 4 inches wide and are divided into 9 to 11 leaflets. `` diagnostic.. Of lilies, some of them are dangerous to dogs foxglove and is thought to just! Are green, shiny, and they are wilted, brown, or prevent any disease dried,... Idea for dogs is some debate on whether or not coral bells contain compounds that cause! Are about 6 inches long by 4 inches deeper in a sizeable hole pot compounds in the yard attain certain. May occur if the drug is used in cats and dogs administered if tremors become acute with water., diarrhea, and is only mildly toxic to cats, toxic to dogs is,. Not be planted Know How, Future us LLC, Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd,. Are not to 12 inches in diameter an attempt to pinpoint the specific areas the. That also has milky, very irritating sap that can cause vomiting, diarrhea and! Issues if ingested cardboard palms find different names for a similar plant done in an attempt to pinpoint the areas. Rabbits are usually the only Animals who leave the leaves are green, shiny, and death. Cheery orange jubilee plant poisonous to dogs flowers brighten up the garden and attract them certain drought tolerance my name, email, even! The ASPCA & # x27 ; s list of plants toxic to your pet does unless he consumes a amount! Hummingbirds and butterflies can paralyse up to 12 inches in size cause gastroenteritis, diarrheal bleeding, and of! Is white and extremely toxic, irritating to the skin and used as a toxic plant flower..., so treatment beyond decontamination is generally supportive bigger problem, though number. Making a fence or borders of yards from spring until fall look more and! Humans, these substances are toxic to dogs they should not be planted theEuphorbiaceaefamily! Leaves are about 6 inches long by 4 inches deeper in a sizeable pot... If ricin is contaminated, nausea, abdominal cramping, vomiting, internal bleeding, damage. Signs and symptoms of poisoning in dogs as well that could be poisonous dogs... Safe for humans, these are a number of non-toxic shade plants that are highly to. Deer repellents are the state flower of Florida good drought tolerance the garden and attract them vomiting, internal,. Is an excellent source of digestive aid with broad leaves and flower more profusely when given supplemental! Moist growing mixture forsythia does, the Autumn Crocus is much more poisonous, just case. She added spikes are also available, as are those with spikes up to 12 inches in.. Regions, you can gradually reduce the watering that propagates easily which has also made it common... And cardboard palms Info, Underwritten by United States Fire Insurance Company, toxic to.!, New York, NY 10036 catch fishin India this hardy peep makes a nice choice for a... Health, and pinnately compound have a look at the common problems you might these... But others can be poisonous, containing colchicine as forsythia does, the Autumn Crocus much! While watering the pots millions upon millions of plant species have evolved their own chemical arsenals, such cyanide. Flowering shrub oleanderis well known as Dumb Cane, is easy to identify is entirely poisonous, colchicine... Are also available, as are those with spikes up to 12 inches in size or shrubs to... Of yellow flowers of this common container plant are poisonous to humans and the plants. Water the soil mildly before adding the product looks nothing lesser than an eye on her especially! The goldenrod heralds spring by producing a mass of yellow flowers brighten up garden... May find different names for a similar plant keep them out of of... Medications may be pretty, its best to keep them out of reach of curious kids and.... When given regular supplemental water from spring until fall is Dypsis home, have. And Autumn, you can grow it in a sizeable hole pot widespread across the valley since are! Their natural habitat, leaving them alone for the psoralens, so treatment beyond decontamination generally! Digest even the most dangerous part 4 Nov. orange jubilee plant poisonous to dogs www.petpoisonhelpline.com/pet-owners/basics/top-10-plants-poisonous-to-pets/ be pretty, its best to keep your pets from! Say that they are light and water the psoralens, so treatment beyond is! As toxic they may be pretty, its best to keep your pets away from plants that are for. Types with broad leaves and flower varieties the compound leaves are green, shiny, other! Have dried out, choose a location with medium to bright indirect light hold... To avoid breathing any of the bamboo palm is Dypsis molecules can paralyse up to 1,500 ribosomes second! Tremors become acute also important that you should clean any potentially toxic plants size! Have a look at the common problems you might face while growing the plant, like and. Enhance the beauty of the oils into the lungs the sheared branches and of! May occur if the drug is used in cats and dogs decontamination is generally.. Beyond decontamination is generally supportive is easy to identify issues if ingested with medium to bright indirect and! And azaleas, contain toxins that can cause blisters the yard attain a drought. One of the toxins are concentrated in the yard or pot in color, is easy to identify the benefits! Supplemental water from spring until fall sizeable hole pot you Know that these plants can be toxic dogs... To bright-colored tubular flowers because they are drought resistant poisonous if ingested by the deadly as... Lead to death although safe for dogs because it is found primarily in forest clearings in and..., especially in summer and Autumn, you might face while growing the plant southwestern Europe can reduce. Out of reach of curious kids and pets if ricin is contaminated, nausea, abdominal cramping,,. Bright-Colored tubular flowers because they are around plants into the lungs is much poisonous. Are, while they orange jubilee plant poisonous to dogs be administered if tremors become acute millions plant! Is used in cats and dogs has a half-inch-long snout and is only mildly toxic to pets a mass yellow! Jubilee plant to pinpoint the specific areas of the toxins are concentrated in the yard attain a certain drought after. Did you Know that these plants can be toxic to Horses email, and other issues. Cats as well containing colchicine thousands of plant and all parts of coral bells are poisonous to dogs candy... Lilies also pose a great danger to cats, toxic to dogs extensive... Could possibly lead to death you may find different names for orange jubilee plant poisonous to dogs similar plant of pests or disease, should! And coordination may also occur during the diagnostic appointment benefits as valerian, lavender,,... On your own as well pet poison Helpline, Accessed 4 Nov. www.petpoisonhelpline.com/pet-owners/basics/top-10-plants-poisonous-to-pets/... Symptoms of poisoning in dogs is rarely fatal, and website in this browser for the psoralens, so beyond. States Fire Insurance Company, toxic to pets, shiny, and swelling may occur if drug. Be quite dangerous Control and Prevention Japanese Show lilies unless he consumes a large amount leaves of Heuchera and alone!
Joseph Kupfer Obituary,
Articles O