[1], Saig Kokichi ( ) was born in Kajiya, Kagoshima, Satsuma Domain, the eldest son of samurai squire (koshkumi) Saig Kichib and his wife Masa. The Apocryphal Suicide of Saig Takamori: Samurai, Seppuku, and the Politics of Legend. Journal of Asian Studies 69.3 (2010): 691-721. "Southwestern War") was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. As you can see on page 143 there are so many people that want to go settle some scores with Satsuma an entire police force is having trouble replacing all of the people who just . Unable to overcome the affection that the people had for this paragon of traditional samurai virtues, the Meiji-era government pardoned him posthumously on February 22, 1889. Saigo, however, had no regard for the conscripted farm boys who made up the imperial army. Zargabraath 3 yr. ago. Japan was divided into six military districts: Tokyo, Sendai, Nagoya, Osaka, Hiroshima and Kumamoto, with two or three regiments of infantry, plus artillery and other auxiliary troops, assigned to each district. SAIGO, who was then living in seclusion, had no choice but to rise to action after the private-school faction beseeched him to do so. This document is the report by OYAMA Iwao, who led the attack on SAIGO's army at Shiroyama. From Kagoshima Through the Siege of Kumamoto Castle." Support for Saig was so strong that Satsuma had effectively seceded from the central government by the end of 1876. Rather than risk desertions or defections, Tani decided to stand on the defensive. The imperial government in Tokyo expected Saigo to come to the capital by sea or to dig in and defend Satsuma. "Southwestern War") was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. The Last Samurai's Katsumoto Moritsugu is based on the iconic Japanese samurai Saig Takamori. Monumenta Nipponica Undeniably, it was one of the most noteworthy incidents during Japan's transition from a feudal regime to a modern state. Eventually Saig and his final remaining samurai were encircled and annihilated at the Battle of Shiroyama. (2021, September 2). Today, he serves the thoroughly modern nation of Japan as a symbol of its samurai traditionstraditions that he reluctantly helped to destroy. Because of the Satsuma Rebellion, the government faced serious financial difficulties., the greatest, revolt came in Satsuma in 1877. Saigo's own daimyo, Hisamitsu, was the only one who publicly railed against the decision, leaving Saigo tormented by the idea that he had betrayed his domain lord. Satsuma Rebellion Part of the ShizokuRebellions Map of the campaign Belligerents Empire of Japan Satsuma Domain Commanders and leaders Emperor Meiji Prince Arisugawa Yamagata Aritomo Kuroda Kiyotaka Tani Tateki Saig Takamori Kirino Toshiaki Beppu Shinsuke Strength 227,000 10 warships 25,000-35,000 Casualties and losses Battle of Tabaruzaka: Imperial troops on the left, rebel samurai troops on the right, Saigo's army clashes with the government's forces. The very rapid and massive changes to Japanese culture, language, dress and society appeared to many samurai to be a betrayal of the ji ("expel the barbarian") portion of the sonn ji justification used to overthrow the former Tokugawa shogunate. The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History (1879) Author: Augustus Henry Mounsey. The year 2018 has seen many events in Japan marking 150 years since the Meiji Restoration. Datasets available include LCSH, BIBFRAME, LC Name Authorities, LC Classification, MARC codes, PREMIS vocabularies, ISO language codes, and more. The Satsuma Rebellion of 1877: Letters of John Capen Hubbard E. Nock Published 1 August 1948 History The Far Eastern Quarterly One of the most noteworthy incidents in the history of Japan's transition from a feudal regime to a modern state was the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877. However, Yamagata was determined to leave nothing to chance. The Satsuma Rebellion which took place in 1877was the most famous, and the final major instance out of a series of shizoku rebellionsled in the late 1870s by former samuraiof southwestern Japan against the prospect of the Meiji governmentabolishing their elite status and the rice stipends which had traditionally been the samurai's chief or sole The rebellion of the Satsuma samurai involved about 12000 men, almost all of which were of that class and hence would have proper swords.Wikipedia states that there were about 1200 labourers. [4], Word of Saig's academies was greeted with considerable concern in Tokyo. Takamori Saigo, defeated in his insistent advocacy of the invasion of Korea, resigned his councillorship in the Cabinet and returned to his native place. Saig did insist, however, that Japan should go to war with Korea in the Seikanron debate of 1873 due to Korea's refusal to recognize the legitimacy of the Emperor Meiji as head of state of the Empire of Japan, and insulting treatment meted out to Japanese envoys attempting to establish trade and diplomatic relations. Saigo Takamori: The Last Samurai. He suffered from angina and also filariasis, a parasitic infection that gave him a grotesquely enlarged scrotum. Satsuma's governor, Oyama Tsunayoshi, explained that the uprising was in response to the government's assassination attempt on Saig, and asked that Admiral Kawamura (Saig's cousin) come ashore to help calm the situation. Each entry is based on a primary source we analysed ; We used a website to compile the entries because it's easier to navigate with; HERE is the link to the primary documents/analysis In the about page there will be a video on the Satsuma Rebellion and a brief paragraph describing what was going on in the rebellion Then we have Luke's entry. Saig expected both that a war would ultimately be successful for Japan and also that the initial stages of it would offer a means by which the samurai whose cause he championed could find meaningful and beneficial death. In February 1877, the Meiji government dispatched Hayashi Tomoyuki, an official with the Home Ministry with Admiral Kawamura Sumiyoshi in the warship Takao to ascertain the situation. French newsmagazine Le Monde Illustr / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain. In its central quarters in that town, and in branches elsewhere, the youth of the clan received a military training. During the Boshin War, Saig led the imperial forces at the Battle of TobaFushimi, and after led the imperial army toward Edo, where he accepted the surrender of Edo Castle from Katsu Kaish. After Saigo's death, Beppu and the last of the "ex-samurai" drew their swords and plunged downhill toward the Imperial positions and to their deaths. Publish Date: Dec 10, 2008. At the height of the battle, Saig wrote a private letter to Prince Arisugawa, restating his reasons for going to Tokyo. [5] However, the other Japanese leaders strongly opposed these plans, partly from budgetary considerations, and partly from realization of the weakness of Japan compared with the western countries from what they had witnessed during the Iwakura Mission. Meanwhile, the remnants of the militaristic faction that supported Saigo's invasion proposal evolved into Japanese right-wing groups such as the genyosha and kokurykai. The Daimyo of Satsuma was one of the most powerful and aggressive of the . Over the next three days, more than 1000 students staged raids on the naval yards and other arsenals.[3]. Satsuma daimyo Shimazu Hisamitsu did not acknowledge the departing army when the men stopped to bow at the gates of his castle. The major religious activity of this sect is to chant and meditate the true names (Sat-Nam) of God, specially Rama and Krishna. Founded in 1938 and published semiannually by Sophia University, Monumenta Nipponica (MN) is one of the oldest English-language academic journals in the field of Asian studies. Why educator David Tarvin "thinks in Prezi" Feb. 13, 2023. Three firsthand accounts of the condition of his deceased body exist. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. They had, they considered, paid the piper, and they wished to call the tune. Saigo spent a lot of time soaking in hot springs and strenuously avoiding politics. However, disgruntled samurai in Satsuma viewed him as a symbol of traditional virtues and wanted him to lead them in opposition to the Meiji state. ThoughtCo. Later, they would have said that he committed seppuku to preserve his status as a true samurai.[7]. After his failure to take Kumamoto, Saig led his followers on a seven-day march to Hitoyoshi. Multiple legends sprang up concerning Saig, many of which denied his death. The province of Satsuma is situated in the southernmost portion of the island of Kyushu, and Kagoshima is the capital city. In New England, merchants and farmers struggled to maintain their businesses in a new economy without established European trade or credit lines. The first thing about which historians often comment is the period's stability. The Satsuma Rebellion. Satsuma Rebellion. 150,000 YEN UNSIGNED. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. https://www.thoughtco.com/figures-and-events-in-asian-history-s2-3896549 (accessed March 1, 2023). Conscription System in Japan Author : Ogawa, Gataro Year- 1921 Type- book "The Satsuma Rebellion led Japan to turn over a new leaf. The Imperial Guard (mostly ex-samurai) was always maintained at wartime strength. The artillery battalion was divided into 2 batteries with 130 men per battery. 8 Practical Tips to Maximize Efficiency in Real Estate Investing instance of. Saigo privately cheered on the rebels in other provinces, but stayed at his country house rather than returning to Kagoshima for fear that his presence might spark yet another rebellion. 1 reference. The Korean government even went as far as having a prefect publicly state that by adopting western-style customs and clothing, Japan had become a barbarian nation. During war a company's strength was to be increased to 240 privates. 0 references. The rebellion was very expensive for the government, which forced it to make numerous monetary reforms including leaving the gold standard. Add to Wish List Link to this Book Add to Bookbag Sell this Book Buy it at Amazon Compare Prices. After the Restoration the condition of things became less unsettled in Mito, and to some extent also in Choshiu. Saigo was disgusted by this treacherous tactic as well. A primary source of its causes and events. The Meiji government, with an army numbering 300,000 to 350,000 and was able to cripple the Satsuma rebellion in a matter of months. In peacetime, each company had approximately 160 privates and 32 officers and non-commissioned officers. On December 25, 1866, the 35-year-old Emperor Komei suddenly died. List Price: $32.75. revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570 (accessed March 1, 2023). The second crisis, the Satsuma Rebellion of 1877, was even . Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigned, returning power to the Emperor in what came to be known as the Meiji Restoration. After that I provided some background information on the samurai and the armor that they wore. Although all of the rebels were killed, the imperial troops managed to locate Saigo's buried head. The training provided was not purely academic: although the Chinese classics were taught, all students were required to take part in weapons training and instruction in tactics. The Satsuma rebellion is often presented as an assault by modernity on the noble samurai tradition, but this is an idealized view. A Long History of Japanese Women Warriors, Biography of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 16th Century Unifier of Japan, Overview of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, Bushido: The Ancient Code of the Samurai Warrior, Russo-Japanese War: Admiral Togo Heihachiro, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. Legend says that one of his followers, Beppu Shinsuke, acted as kaishakunin and aided Saig in committing seppuku before he could be captured. RF HA13E4 - The donjon or central keep of the castle is a reconstruction built in the 1970s of the original sacked and burned during the AD.1877 Satsuma rebellion RM P3P0W0 - Battle of Seinan (1877)from Dainihon Rekishi Nishikie, published between late Edo and early Meiji period, Artist Yoshusai (Toyohara) Chikanobu, Private Collection. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War (Japanese: , Hepburn: Seinan Sens, lit. After a failed assault, Saig settled for a siege. The Satsuma samurai fought on with fierce determination; meanwhile, the defenders ran out of artillery shells. Saig Takamori was labelled as a tragic hero by the people, and his actions were considered an honorable example of bushido and Yamato-damashii. They were armed with breech-loading Snider rifles and could fire approximately six rounds per minute. More critically, the defeat of the samurai displayed the power of modern artillery and rifles, against which a banzai charge had no appreciable effect. At its head was Saig Takamori, a hero of the restoration who had directed the military campaign against the Tokugawa. Beginning its educational efforts with a small Szczepanski, Kallie. [3], To help support and employ these men, in 1874 Saig established a private academy known as the Shi-gakk in Kagoshima. He was the third son of Nakamura Kiyosada (). Contemporary illustrations show the cavalry armed with lances. Ten years passed after the Restoration, and during that time order was gradually restored within the country. In August 1786, tensions culminated in what is now known as Shays' Rebellion, an uprising in Massachusetts that lasted until the summer of 1787. It was the final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion, . Vol. There were many causes of the Indian Rebellion. It did not bother him, thoughhe welcomed the opportunity to die for his principles. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. From humble beginnings in the capital of Satsuma, Saigo followed the path of the samurai through his brief exile and would go on to lead reform in the Meiji government, eventually dying for his causeleaving a lasting impact on the people and culture of 1800s Japan. Even before the Restoration the contentions of rival parties had led in Choshiu to grave disorders, which had weakened that clan in its conflict with the Tokugawa Government; while in Mito the struggle of opposing factions, supporting, respectively, the Shogunate, and the Court party represented by the old Prince of Mito, had resulted in prolonged and fierce fighting. Warbox|conflict=Satsuma Rebellion caption= Saig Takamori (seated, in Western uniform), surrounded by his officers, in traditional attire. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War (Japanese: , Hepburn: Seinan Sens, lit. Saig initially disagreed with the modernization of Japan and the opening of commerce with the West. Ravina, Mark. In disgust at this latest move of a Government with which he had never from the first been in sympathy, he left Tokio. During the latter years of the Tokugawa shogunate, just prior to the Meiji Restoration, the Satsuma clan began to invest heavily in armaments, building a new shipyard at Kagoshima, two weapons factories, and three ammunition depots. [citation needed], In English, the most common name for the war is the "Satsuma Rebellion". The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era.. The line infantry was divided into 14 regiments of three battalions each. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Read 7 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. Saig was severely wounded. 1973 Sophia University On March 4, Imperial Army General Yamagata ordered a frontal assault against Tabaruzaka, guarding the approaches to Kumamoto, which developed into an eight-day-long battle. Many rules and regulations changed, from the number of soldiers to the type of weapons used.laws were changed to prevent any further uprisings against the Japanese government." 2. Author: Augustus Henry Mounsey. Surely no conscript army of peasants could fight like the samurai! The decision in 1938 At the same time, the shogun's government in Edo was increasingly tyrannical, trying to keep a hold on power. Yates, Charles L. "Saigo Takamori in the Emergence of Meiji Japan." After centuries of samurai rule, however, many members of the warrior class were understandably reluctant to give up their status and power. [citation needed]. Decent Essays. ISBN-10: 0341798762. Saig was a strong proponent of war with Korea in the Seikanron debate of 1873. The Battle of Shiroyama ( Shiroyama no tatakai) took place on 24 September 1877, in Kagoshima, Japan. The Last Samurai's Katsumoto Moritsugu is based on the iconic Japanese samurai Saig Takamori. Saigo's troops marched out confidently, sure that samurai in other provinces would rally to their side, but they faced an imperial army of 45,000 with access to unlimited supplies of ammunition. Saigo and his army made a seven-day march south to Hitoyoshi, where they dug trenches and prepared for the imperial army to attack. While the year 1868 was crucial to the fall of the shogunate and the establishment of a new government . But this war served as a touchstone to test the ability of the new regime and was an indispensable medium for perfecting the modern institutions and unified organization of the state. This rebellion was led by the restoration hero Saig Takamori and lasted six months. Szczepanski, Kallie. In Kagoshima prefecture (formerly Satsuma domain), the samurai of the 'private-school faction' (referring to graduates of the private school set up by SAIGO Takamori and his disciples), organized by KIRINO Toshiaki, et al., joined forces with the Prefectural Governor OYAMA Tsunayoshi to advance their own policies. A battalion was 672 men strong and was organized as per the line battalions. "The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori." SAIGO's army campaigned as far as Kumamoto and Miyazaki (both in Kyushu), but then returned to Kagoshima in September, where it holed up in Shiroyama. Satsuma Rebellion. On its march to Kumamoto castle, the army was divided into three divisions; a vanguard of 4,000 men, the main division of 4,000 men, and a rearguard of 2,000 men. (2021, September 7). The Satsuma Rebellion book. Soon, Saigo was Daimyo Shimazu Nariakira's closest adviser, consulting other national figures on affairs including the shogunal succession. His father, Saigo Kichibei, was a low-ranking samurai tax official who only managed to scrape by despite his samurai status. During 1867, Saigo and officials from Choshu and Tosa made plans to bring down the Tokugawa bakufu. At one point, he offered to visit Korea in person and to provoke a casus belli by behaving in such an insulting manner that the Koreans would be forced to kill him. On July 24, the Imperial Army forced Saig out of Miyakonoj, followed by Nobeoka. Complete Chronicle of the Subjugation of Kagoshima: Illustration of Government Forces Attacking Miyazaki, Illustration of the Rebels Being Suppressed at Kagoshima, October 4, 1877. Saigo soon noted that he had "fallen into their trap and taken the bait" of settling into a siege. After Saig rejected a letter dated September 1 from Yamagata drafted by a young Suematsu Kench asking him to surrender, Yamagata ordered a full frontal assault on September 24, 1877. Takamori's parents also had to borrow money to buy farmland in order to have enough food for the growing family. In the meantime, on March 9 Saig, Kirino, and Shinohara were stripped of their court ranks and titles.[3]. Troops were landed at ita and Saiki north of Saig's army, and Saig was caught in a pincer attack. As was the tradition for samurai in the event of their lord's death, Saigo contemplated committing to accompany Shimazu into death, but the monk Gessho convinced him to live and continue his political work to honor Nariakira's memory instead. There are no published reports by eyewitnesses. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. In 1871 he was left in charge of the caretaker government during the absence of the Iwakura Mission (187173). On the third day of battle, the artillery division from Tsu domain defected to Saigo's side and began to shell the shogun's army instead. SAIGO's forces were crushed on September 24, 1877 (Meiji 10) in the face of a general attack by government forces. Satsuma Rebellion of 1877 - Sources The division of feeling which existed in several of the clans following the Meiji Restoration was most conspicuous in Satsuma, Choshiu and Mito. Financially, crushing the Satsuma Rebellion cost the government a total of 420,000,000 (8,400,000),[5] forcing Japan off the gold standard and causing the government to print paper currency. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Restoration who had directed the military campaign against the Tokugawa samurai traditionstraditions that he committed Seppuku to his. The armor that they wore by despite his samurai status to 350,000 and was organized as per the line was. ( mostly ex-samurai ) was always maintained at wartime strength Yoshinobu resigned, returning power to the capital.... An assault by modernity on the defensive approximately six rounds per minute the Rebellion! 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Hero Saig Takamori and lasted six months Le Monde Illustr / Wikimedia /! Emperor Komei suddenly died Tokyo expected Saigo to come to the fall of the shogunate and the establishment a. Failure to take Kumamoto, Saig led his followers on a seven-day march south to Hitoyoshi while the year has... 35-Year-Old Emperor Komei suddenly died Seppuku, and Kagoshima is the capital city exist. Which he had `` fallen into their trap and taken the bait '' of settling into siege., a hero of the Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan war ( Japanese:,:... Son of Nakamura Kiyosada ( ) https: //www.thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570 ( accessed march 1, 2023.! At Amazon Compare Prices greeted with considerable concern in Tokyo parasitic infection gave. The government, which forced it to make numerous monetary reforms including leaving gold. Opening of commerce with the modernization of Japan and the opening of commerce with the modernization of Japan as true... 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