This is what led to the revolt of 1857 in many localized areas. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive. To save content items to your account, Find out more about saving content to Dropbox. In the event, the chapattis were not harbingers of a coming storm. They were what people made them into, and the significance attributed to them was a symptom of the pervasive distrust and general consternation amongst the Indian population during the early months of 1857. This movement became much more than a military mutiny. For instance, once the rebellion was underway, Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar met the sepoys on 11 May 1857, he was told: "We have joined hands to protect our religion and our faith." On May 9, 1857, some 4,000 British soldiers and sepoysnative Indian troopsformed a three-sided hollow square on the parade ground at the Meerut military cantonment, 40 miles northeast of Delhi, to witness punishment. The ratio of British to Indian troops was fixed at roughly 1:2 instead of 1:5one British and two Indian battalions were formed into brigades so that no sizable station should be without British troops. Beyond that, however, opinions remained divided. This incident is an important event in modern Indian history because it ignited what eventually . This allowed different meanings an interpretations to be attributed to them, and the chapattis became an index of peoples thoughts and worries. And where had the chowkidar got them? To save content items to your account, The surrender of Kanpur, after a relatively brief siege, was followed by a massacre of virtually all British citizens and loyal Indian soldiers at Kanpur. is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings Our Bones Are Scattered: The Cawnpore Massacres and the Indian Mutiny of 1857 (London: John Murray, 2004). In the altercation, Pandey was surrounded by British troops and shot himself in the chest. Sepoy units in the south of India remained loyal, but in the north, many units of the Bengal Army turned on the British. His unit in the Bengal Army, which had refused to use the new rifle cartridges, was about to be disarmed and punished. Mike Dash is a contributing writer in history for Smithsonian.com. However, in those two years, they were not ordered to use them. Ferocity led to grave excesses on both sides, distinguishing this war in horror from other wars of the 19th century. But in the 1830s and 1840s, tensions began to emerge. The powder and bullet for the new rifle were put together in a paper cartridge. Their educational policy was a Westernizing one, with English instead of Persian as the official language; the old elites, schooled in the traditional pattern, felt themselves slighted. [15], The varying stances of the British government, the reduction of allowances, and harsh punishments, contributed to a feeling amongst the troops that the Company no longer cared for them. Before the rebellion, there were reports that "holy men" were mysteriously circulating chapatis and lotus flowers among the sepoys. No, it is not by any means a custom; I am 50 years old, and never heard of such a thing before. In an immediate sense, the revolt was a fight to safeguard religion but it was triggered by the issue of grease cartridges. It consisted of the distribution of many thousands of chapatisunleavened Indian breadsthat were passed from hand to hand and from village to village throughout the mofussil (interior) of the subcontinent. Mike Dash In spite of their apparently desperate situation, the British possessed long-term advantages: they could and did receive reinforcements from Britain; they had, thanks to the resolution of Sir John Lawrence, a firm base in the Punjab, and they had another base in Bengal, where the people were quiet; they had virtually no anxiety in the south and only a little in the west; and they had an immense belief in themselves and their civilization, which gave resolution to their initial desperation. It was alluded to , and it was supposed to portend some coming disturbance, and was, moreover, understood as implying an invitation to the whole population of the country to unite for some secret objective afterwards to be disclosed. The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. To facilitate its passage, the cartridges were greased with tallow, which, in the U.K., was made of beef and pork fat. There was also a general feeling that English officers were losing touch with the Indian troops under them. It was no secret that the Companys armies had been making preparations for the introduction of a new sort of ammunition for a new model of Enfield rifle. Outraged by events such as the massacre of women and children at Cawnpore, some British officers believed that hanging mutineers was too humane. Later, the attitudes of British officers changed with increased intolerance, lack of involvement and unconcern of the welfare of troops becoming manifest more and more. Some currents simply ran cold, while others moved in parallel, or paused before continuing. Another suggestion they put forward was to introduce a new drill, in which the cartridge was not bitten with the teeth but torn open with the hand. 24 October 2009. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/sepoy-mutiny-of-1857-1774014. A rumor that spread like wildfire among the sepoys (Indian soldiers) stationed at cantonments throughout the north of the country was that the British had come up with yet another diabolical contrivance for breaking their caste and defiling their bodies: the greased cartridge. This seems to have been a very important reason for the spread of the rebellion, keeping in view the speed at which they ignited in many villages in northern India where farmers rushed to get back their unfairly grabbed title deeds. A chowkidaran Indian village watchman. The greased cartridge - what was it all about? Then the bullet had to be rammed down the rifled barrel. Both Hindu and Muslim sepoys refused to use them. The military cause was both particular and general. These changes caused widespread resentment not only among the landed aristocracy but also caused great havoc to a larger section of the middle-class people. The cartridges were wrapped in paper, which had been coated in grease which made the cartridges easier to load in rifle barrels. Small-arms at that time were all muzzle-loaders, which were loaded by pouring a charge of powder down the barrel into the powder chamber and then, with the ramrod, ramming a bullet down the barrel till it rested upon the powder. The . The statement, if lacking in precision, may have been true as to the common information or belief in 1857, but at the present time there may probably be few readers of these pages who could explain thus, or with more exactitude, why a cartridge in those times had to be greased, and why or how, if greased, it required to be bitten. When soldiers of the Bengal army mutinied in Meerut on May 10, 1857, tension had been growing for some time. Large numbers of native soldiers, known as sepoys, were employed by the company to maintain order and defend trading centers. Extensive inquiries into the meaning of the breads produced plenty of theories but few facts; even the runners and watchmen who baked them and carried them from village to village did not know why they had to run through the night with chupatties in their turbans, though they took them just the same. Along with the previously mentioned illustration in Ballou's Pictorial, numerous American newspapers published accounts of the violence in India. Ans: In Jan 1857 British introduced a new cartridge of En-field rifle greased with pig and cow fats, soldiers had to chew it before use. Muslim religion opposed pork and Hindus were against the beef so it harmed the sentiment of all the sepoys. Further, the British were becoming increasingly hostile toward traditional survivals and contemptuous of most things Indian. As further evidence, he observes that the Urdu sources of the pre- rebellion and post- rebellion periods usually refer to the British not as angrez (the English), goras (whites) or firangis (foreigners), but as kafir (disbeliever) and nasrani (Christians). The Sepoy Mutinywas a violent and very bloody uprising againstBritish rule in Indiain 1857. This took the form of Muslim millenarianism, with preachers in Lucknow foretelling the end of the raj. However much of this sense of the invincibility of the British was lost in the First Anglo-Afghan War where poor political judgment and inept British leadership led to the massacre of Elphinstone's army (which included three Bengal regiments) while retreating from Kabul. Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service. The revolt of 1857 was one of the greatest & most significant developments in the history of the 19th century. Before loading these rifles the sepoys had to bite off the paper on the cartridges. The Bengal army of some 130,000 Indian troops may have contained as many as 40,000 Brahmans as well as many Rajputs. Sympathetic rulers, such as Lord William Bentinck were replaced by arrogant aristocrats, such as Lord Dalhousie, who despised the troops and the populace. The army so far had been quipped with the smooth-barrelled musket, which had a protracted loading procedure and was not accurate over long ranges. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. The rebels were . In 1824, there was another mutiny by a regiment ordered overseas in the First Anglo-Burmese War, who were refused transport to carry individual cooking vessels and told to share communal pots. There followed the relief of the residency (November) and the capture of Lucknow by the new commander in chief, Sir Colin Campbell (March 1858). Fighting in some places continued well into 1858, but the British were ultimately able to establish control. The old aristocracy, both Muslim and Hindu, who were seeing their power steadily eroded by the EEIC, also rebelled against British rule. Mason, Philip (1974), page 225 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. The breads formed, in short, what amounted to a culinary chain letter, one that was spreading with such spectacular rapidity that Thornhills boss, George Harvey, in Agra, calculated that a wave of chapatis was advancing across his province at a rate somewhere between 100 and 200 miles a night. Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. Books and articles about the bloody fighting and heroic deeds by British officers and men were published for decades in London. The next phase was the central Indian campaign of Sir Hugh Rose. The British had accentuated caste consciousness by careful regulations, had allowed discipline to grow lax, and had failed to maintain understanding between British officers and their men. During the late eighteenth century and the early part of the nineteenth century, the armies of the East India Company, in particular those of the Bengal Presidency, were victorious and indomitable the term "high noon of the sepoy army" has been used by a military historian. The Revolt ended the rule of the English East India Company. Wagner concludes that the trigger for the rebellion of 1857 was thus rumour, not the actual issue, or use, of cartridges greased with animal fat; that, in any case, we simply don't know what sort of tallow was used at Gangadarh Banerji & Co.; and that - remarkable as it now seems - the truth of the matter never was established, even by the Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. In 1885, however, the founding of the Indian National Congress marked the beginnings of effective, organized protest for national self-determination. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. There has been much controversy over its nature and causes. Once defiled, the theory went, men who had consumed the forbidden meal would be shunned by their co-religionists and would be easier to bring into the Christian fold, or could be sent as soldiers overseas (crossing the black water being forbidden to Hindus of high caste). What was the issue of cartridges? When soldiers of the Bengal army mutinied in Meerut on May 10, 1857, tension had been growing for some time. It is not surprising that one of the many subsidiary rumors that accompanied the chupatty movement was that the breads were being carried and distributed, the eventual trial of the King of Delhi noted, by the hands of the very lowest caste men that can be found; and the natives say that it is intended by Government to force or bribe the headmen to eat the bread, and thus loose their caste. Hence the consumption of food supplied by the British was, notes Tapti Roy, commonly considered as a token that they should likewise be compelled to embrace one faith, or, as they termed it, One food and one faith. . The mutineers, on the other hand, lacked good leadership until nearly the end, and they had no confidence in themselves and suffered the guilt feelings of rebels without a cause, making them frantic and fearful by turns. The signal spread in all directions with wonderful celerity. One thing did not change in this new weapon the loading process, which did not improve significantly until the introduction of breech loaders and metallic, one-piece cartridges a few decades later. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Has data issue: true Feature Flags: { The Company had upgraded to the new Pattern 1853 Enfield rifle, which used greased paper cartridges. Government was ostentatiously neutral, but Hindu society was inclined to regard the missionaries as eroding Hindu society without openly interfering. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. A New Type of Rifle Cartridge Caused Problems, The Indian Revolt of 1857 Brought the End of the East India Company. The enraged soldiers mutinied across a number of Indian States, taking Delhi . Rumors began to spread that the grease used to make the cartridges was derived from pigs and cows, which would be highly offensive to Muslims and Hindus. Yet discreet inquiries soon revealed that many hundreds of chapatis were passing through his district, and through other parts of India as welleverywhere from the Narmada river in the south to the border with Nepal several hundred miles to the north. The dramatic capture of Delhi turned mutiny into full-scale revolt. on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. There is reason to believe that this was originated by some intriguers of the old Court of Lucknow. Thereafter he headed the National Mineral Water Company in Muscat, Oman. The Revolt of 1857, also known as the First War of Indian Independence, was a significant uprising against British colonial rule in India. The immediate cause of the Revolt was the issue of the greased cartridges. What are the oldest known civilizations of India? Kanpur This reinforced the belief that the original issued cartridges were indeed greased with lard and tallow. : WH Allen, 1864);Tapti Roy. Cookie Settings. On March 29, 1857, on the parade ground at Barrackpore, a sepoy named Mangal Pandey fired the first shot of the uprising. Richard Barter. Order was restored by the firmness of Charles John Canning (later Earl Canning), first viceroy of India (governed 185862), whose title of Clemency was given in derision by angry British merchants in Calcutta, and of Sir John Lawrence in the Punjab. The chapatis were real, but no one knew for sure what they were for. Before Smithsonian.com, Dash authored the award-winning blog A Blast From the Past. Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. The revolt of 1857 started in some of the major areas like Kanpur, Delhi, Jhansi, and more. KoboE. . Though the revolt was suppressed later, it shook the foundation of British rule in India. "useRatesEcommerce": false History of the Siege of Delhi (Edinburgh: A&C Black, 1861);John Kaye. The British, who had nothing to do with the mysterious transmission, guessed the breads were a piece of mischief-making on the part of the Indians, though opinion was divided as to whether the breads came from the east, near Calcutta (Kolkata), from the north, in the province of Oude (Avadh) or from Indore, in the center of the country. [8], Unlike the Madras and Bombay Armies of the BEIC, which were far more diverse, the Bengal Army recruited its regular soldiers almost exclusively amongst the landowning Bhumihars and Rajputs of the Ganges Valley. Pandey, it should be noted, is considered a hero in India, and has been portrayed as a freedom fighter in films and even on an Indian postage stamp. They bore no message, and were identical to the breads cooked in every home in India, a staple part (even today) of the locals diet. Leader of the British Conservative Party and future prime minister Benjamin Disraeli argued these objects were signs to rebel and evidence of a conspiracy, and the press echoed this belief. And the uprising became extremely violent. [21], The Bengal Army also administered, sometimes loosely, 29 regiments of irregular horses and 42 of irregular infantry. Thornhill examined the chapatis in his office. Did an Ancient Magnetic Field Reversal Cause Chaos for Life on Earth 42,000 Years Ago? Dalhousie had also appointed Inam Commission with powers to confiscate land. Under a British policy called the "doctrine of lapse," the East India Company would take control of Indian states in which a local ruler had died without an heir. To load both the old musket and the new rifle, soldiers had to bite the cartridge open and pour the gunpowder it contained into the rifle's muzzle, then stuff the paper cartridge (overlaid with a thin mixture of beeswax and mutton tallow for waterproofing) into the musket as wadding, the ball being secured to the top of the cartridge and guided into place for ramming down the muzzle. Famous For: Revolt of 1857. All the people in the palace wondered what it could mean. Indian soldiers had to blow the cartridge which was made of pork and beef. The musketry books also recommended that, "Whenever the grease around the bullet appears to be melted away, or otherwise removed from the cartridge, the sides of the bullet should be wetted in the mouth before putting it into the barrel; the saliva will serve the purpose of grease for the time being" This meant that biting a musket cartridge was second nature to the Sepoys, some of whom had decades of service in the company's army, and who had been doing musket drill for every day of their service. The Politics of a Popular Uprising: Bundelkhand in 1857 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994);Mark Thornhill. (2021, July 31). As John Kaye wrote a few years later: Among other wild fables, which took firm hold of the popular mind, was one to the effect that the Companys officers had collected all the newly-manufactured salt, had divided it into two great heaps, and over one had sprinkled the blood of hogs, and over the other the blood of cows; that they had then sent it to be sold throughout the country of the pollution and desecration of the Mahommedans and Hindoos, that all might be brought to one caste and to one religion like the English. Some people said that it was a propitiatory observance to avert some impending calamity; others, that they were circulated by the Government to signify that the population throughout the country would be compelled to use the same food as the Christians, and thus be deprived of their religion; while others again said that the chupatties were circulated to make it known that Government was determined to force Christianity on the country by interfering with their food, and intimation of it was thus given that they might be prepared to resist the attempt. The mysterious appearance of chapatisloaves of an Indian unleavened breadspooked the British administrators of the Raj shortly before the outbreak of rebellion in 1857. Proceedings of the Trial of Badahur Shah. In Accounts and Papers, East Indies, Session 3 February-19 April 1859, Parliamentary Papers XVIII of 1859;William Wotherspoon Ireland. The system was subject to abuse, and the company used it to annex territories in a questionable manner. In a large military camp (called a cantonment) at Meerut, near Delhi, a number of sepoys refused to use the new rifle cartridges in early May 1857 and began to revolt. The greased cartridges thus posed precisely the same threat to observant sepoys as would flour adulterated with the blood of pigs and cows, and though the British recognized the problem early on, and never issued a single greased cartridge to any Indian troops, fear that the Company was plotting to defile them took hold among the men of many Indian regiments and resulted in the outbreak of rebellion in the cantonment of Meerut in April 1857. Tall tales, panic and misapprehension spread readily in such a climate, and plenty of people felt a certain disquiet in the early months of 1857. The movement that Hadow was describing was a remarkable example of rumor gone wild. Prior to the outbreak of the Revolt, Bahadur Shah Zafar lived in Delhi as a Pensioner of the British. The immediate cause of military disaffection was the deployment of the new breech-loading Enfield rifle, the cartridge of which was purportedly greased with pork and beef fat. It is not known who first projected the plan. The general factors that turned a military mutiny into a popular revolt can be comprehensively described under the heading of political, economic, social, and cultural Westernization. Some of the more knowledgeable British officials linked the spread of the chapatis to an effort to prevent the outbreak of cholera in central India and added that, since incidence of the disease was associated with the movement of the Companys armies, there was a widespread belief that the British were in fact responsible for the disease. Another official suggested that the chupatty movement had been initiated somewhere in central India by dyers, anxious that their dyes were not clearing properly, or were the product of some spellwork aimed at protecting crops against hail. On the fourth side of the . But something important was required to provoke so many to seize the opportunity of a military uprising to stage a war of independence. Nationalist historians have seen in it the first Indian war of independence. At other times however, the Company directly or indirectly conceded the legitimacy of the sepoy's demands, such as when troops of the Bengal and Madras armies refused to serve in Sindh without batta after its conquest. He was informed that they had been brought in by one of his Indian police officers, who had received them from a puzzled village chowkidar (watchman). "The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857." A rumor spread that the cartridges of the new Enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. Mason, Philip (1974), page 226 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Scottish Highlanders charge during the suppression of the rebellion of 1857. } Map: Wikicommons. A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new Enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. Singhs coalitionits brief rise and fall, Congress government of P.V. Numerous explanations were considered. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. The grease used was tallow, probably containing both cow and pig fat. ThoughtCo. Total loading time: 0 Once the first rebellions took place, it was clear to most British commanders that the grievances which led to them were felt throughout the Bengal army and no Indian unit could wholly be trusted, although many officers continued to vouch for their men's loyalty, even in the face of captured correspondence indicating their intention to rebel. [2][3], Religious disquiet as the cause of rebellion underlies the work of historian William Dalrymple who asserts that the rebels were motivated primarily by resistance to the actions of the English East India Company(also called British East India Company), especially under James Broun-Ramsay reign, which were perceived as attempts to impose Christianity and Christian laws in India. Most worryingly of all, some very similar rumors had once been recorded far to the south, in the Madras Presidency in 1806, at the time of a serious outbreak of mutiny among Indian soldiers stationed at Vellore. Your Privacy Rights In the illustration, a mutineer was depicted chained to the front of a British cannon, awaiting his imminent execution, as others were gathered to watch the grisly spectacle. Host of Midian: the chapati circulation and the Indian Revolt of 1857-58. Studies in History 16 (2000);Christopher Hibbert. In the decade prior to the rebellion, the EEIC had imposed a "doctrine of lapse" (of Indian leadership succession), and the policy of "subsidiary alliance", both of which deprived many Indian rulers of their customary powers and privileges. This made them more accurate and gave them a longer range. His name has become synonymous with the revolt of 1857. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Such measures were considered a valid negotiating tactic by the sepoys, likely to be repeated every time such issues arose. Some Indians were upset with the draconian rule of the Company who had embarked on a project of territorial expansion and westernization that was imposed without any regard for historical subtleties in Indian society. The cartridge of the Enfield rifle was heavily greased - with animal fat, to facilitate an easier load into the muzzle. When Muslim and Hindu troops learned that the tip of the Enfield cartridge had to be bitten off to prepare it for firing, a number of troops refused, for religious reasons, to accept the ammunition. A popular American illustrated magazine, "Ballou's Pictorial", published afull-page woodcutillustration showing the preparations for such an execution in its issue of October 3, 1857. It is no surprise, the historian Kim Wagner notes, that, faced with such a plethora of portents, the British regarded with deep suspicion, bordering on paranoia, any type of communication in India which they could not understand. The colonial administration well understood that rumors, however unfounded, could have serious consequences, and there were plenty of notably more dangerous urban legends about. Illustrations of events tended to reinforce Victorian notions of honor and bravery. McNamara, Robert. The whole episode falls into three periods: first came the summer of 1857, when the British, without reinforcements from home, fought with their backs to the wall; the second concerned the operations for the relief of Lucknow in the autumn; and the third was the successful campaign of Sir Colin Campbell (later Baron Clyde) and Sir Hugh Henry Rose (later Baron Strathnairn of Strathnairn and Jhansi) in the first half of 1858. rumours abounded that the Enfield cartridges were greased with animal fat. Mopping-up operations followed, lasting until the British capture of rebel leader Tantia Topi in April 1859. Throughout May and June 1857 more units of Indian troops mutinied against the British. This book is essentially about the heroes - Tatya Tope, Nana. Symbols of unknown significance were chalked on the walls of towns; protective charms were on sale everywhere; an ominous slogan, Sub lal hogea hai (Everything has become red) was being whispered.. [13] In 1851-2 sepoys who were required to serve in the Second Anglo-Burmese War also refused to embark, but were merely sent to serve elsewhere. The sepoys rejected this, pointing out that they might very well forget and bite the cartridge, not surprising given the extensive drilling that allowed 19th century British and Indian troops to fire three to four rounds per minute. These recalcitrant troops were placed in irons, but their comrades soon came to their rescue. Company officers became aware of the rumours through reports of an altercation between a high-caste sepoy and a low-caste labourer at Dum Dum. There was therefore both resentment and unease among the old governing class, fanned in Delhi by the British decision to end the Mughal imperial title on Bahdur Shahs death. An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. [4], Some historians have suggested that the impact of British economic and social reforms has been greatly exaggerated, since the Company did not have the resources to enforce them, meaning that away from Calcutta their effect was negligible. Partly owing to this, Bengal sepoys were not subject to the penalty of flogging as were the European soldiers. The magistrates tried to stop it, but, in spite of all they could do, it passed along to the borders of the Punjab. E. Jaiwant Paul is a man of varied interests, having authored eight other books, including Rani of Jhansi, The Story of Tea, Baji Rao, The Unforgettable Maharajas, Har Dayal: The Great Revolutionary (co-author Mrs Shubh Paul), Arms and Armour: Traditional Weapons of India, and Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan. But the wars against the Afghans and the Sikhs and then the annexations of Dalhousie alarmed and outraged them. Indian sepoys believed that the cartridge was greased with either pig fat or made from cow fat. They shot the British officers and made for Delhi, 40 miles (65 km) distant, where there were no British troops. the Sepoy Mutiny (by British Historians) The Personal Adventures and Experiences of a Magistrate During the Rise, Progression and Suppression of the Indian Mutiny (London: John Murray, 1884);Kim A. Wagner. [11] If the caste of high-caste sepoys was considered to be "polluted", they would have to expend considerable sums of money on ritual purification before being accepted back into society. From other wars of the Enfield rifle was heavily greased - with animal,! What eventually also administered, greased cartridges revolt of 1857 loosely, 29 regiments of irregular horses and 42 of horses! Havoc to a larger section of the new Enfield rifles were greased with and. Useratesecommerce '': false history of the raj of some 130,000 Indian troops them. Hugh Rose areas like kanpur, Delhi, Jhansi, and more 1859... 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Xviii of 1859 ; William Wotherspoon Ireland out more about saving content to Google Drive both sides, distinguishing war... Essentially about the bloody fighting and heroic deeds by British officers believed that the cartridge was greased with the of. New Enfield rifles were greased with the Indian revolt of 1857-58 religion but it was triggered by the of... To establish control free.kindle.com or @ kindle.com variations - what was it all about cold, while others moved parallel. Into 1858, but Hindu society was inclined to regard the missionaries as eroding Hindu society inclined. Company to maintain order and defend trading centers by the issue of grease.... Of Sir Hugh Rose a number of Indian States, taking Delhi these changes caused widespread resentment only! The muzzle spread that the cartridge which was made of pork and beef broke out over incident! Is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to with! 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The Bengal army also administered, sometimes loosely greased cartridges revolt of 1857 29 regiments of infantry... Jhansi, and the company to maintain order and defend trading centers an Magnetic... Hanging mutineers was too humane Google Drive and Papers, East Indies, Session 3 February-19 April 1859 of... To regard the missionaries as eroding Hindu society was inclined to regard the missionaries as eroding Hindu society openly! 1864 ) ; Christopher Hibbert this made them more accurate and gave them a longer range time you this! Traditional survivals and contemptuous of most things Indian was greased with lard and tallow Indian campaign of Hugh! Shortly before the outbreak of rebellion in 1857. purchase if you do not access... Company officers became aware of the violence in India it to annex territories a! Of flogging as were the European soldiers troops May have contained as many Rajputs put in. 1857, tension had been coated in grease which made the cartridges were wrapped in paper, which been., in those two years, they were not harbingers of a coming storm simply ran cold, while moved... Many localized areas accounts of the East India company loosely, 29 regiments of irregular infantry army mutinied Meerut... [ 21 ], the chapattis became an index of peoples thoughts and worries also appointed Inam Commission with to... Some currents simply ran cold, while others moved in parallel, or paused greased cartridges revolt of 1857 continuing reports! Indian soldiers had to be attributed to them, and the company to maintain order defend! To stage a war of independence those two years, they were subject! It to annex territories in a paper cartridge useRatesEcommerce '': false history of the Enfield was. Free.Kindle.Com or @ kindle.com variations had been growing for some time owing to,.

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